Undiscovered Thracian Treasures

The Thracian treasures were discovered right after World War Two. There were hundreds of places which were suspected to hide tombs and treasures, but there were no more consistent searches. In 1992, archaeologist Georgi Kitov from Bulgaria planned a large campaign, but only got a little money and couldn't afford to dig only for one week. Also, he had a choice: to dig randomly, hoping to find sometimes which would convince the authorities to give him more money or to give up on the idea and try to get more funds for the future. He chose the first option.

He searched the Malkata tumulus, but the first three days only brought disappointment. Then, the gold started to appear as the tomb was revealed. However, the peace of the one buried also had to suffer. There was a sudden rain and strong winds all of a sudden, the archaeological camp being destroyed. Kitov moved on. He got funds and led the expedition for seven years. He discovered fabulous treasures those years, as well as incredible funerary constructions, impressive wall paintings, symbols and indecipherable mysteries. In other words, a lost world seemed to be lost forever. This is how the Valley of the Thracian Kings was discovered. Most of the royal tombs of the Thracian kings are only a few miles away from Kazanlak.

Today, the tombs are included in the UNESCO patrimony and they are extremely well preserved. There is even an imitation of the tomb in Kazanlak, which tourists can visit so that the original tomb is exposed as rarely as possible. There are paths leading to those tombs, ventilation systems, preservation conditions, indicators and tourist guides. The Bulgarians have developed an incredible tourism based on the Thracian legacy. They talk about the Thracian people all the time, this having become a sort of print on the Bulgarian civilization we know today.

Rubbish Disposal

People don't like getting their hands dirty. Rubbish disposal has always been left to society's lower ranks, with an "out of sight, out of mind" attitude from people who are not directly involved. Today, however, both the increase in the amount and the complexity of waste produced are threatening human health and the environment as never before. The composition of waste has altered, the most dramatic change being in the number of chemicals we dump. Chemicals in the form of pills, pesticide or paint are an essential part of our lives. The disposal of waste from these chemicals has increased the problems in the way we treat rubbish, forcing us to face what we would rather throw away. Pollution of water, air and soil is widespread. Lead in the air affects our brains. Heavy metals in the soil are taken up by plants and passed on to us when we eat them. The environment is seriously affected as well. Trees are dying from acid rain. Rivers run black with pollution. Mysterious green waste from petro-chemical factories spoil fields where children play.

The increase in complexity of waste has caught disposal authorities by surprise and today's dangerous waste is showing up the shortcomings of the disposal systems. The most common form of waste disposal is the "tip", nowadays called a landfill. Landfills are holes in the ground in which rubbish is deposited. The rubbish settles and then decomposes. Liquids leak slowly through into the earth and down into the groundwater, into the water which we drink and use. Nature is able to deal with a little such abuse but the quantity of waste has increased to such an extent that Nature cannot deal with it anymore. In order to cope with the problem of containing poisonous waste, modern landfill sites are lined with plastic or clay which can prevent their contents from leaking into the surrounding soil. But this is still a short-term measure: landfills will eventually leak.

Some rubbish is disposed of by burning. The effectiveness of this depends on what you are burning, at what temperature and where the smoke-borne waste finally lands. Black smoke means that whatever is in the furnace is not burning thoroughly. This can increase the danger to the environment, as in the case with certain chemicals found in lubricants, electrical transformers and many other things that we use every day. These chemicals are among the most poisonous ever produced, and are very difficult to get rid of. High-temperature burning is thought to destroy them, but if they are burned at a lower temperature, harmful poisons are released. High-temperature burning, however, requires expert handling and special furnaces, so it is expensive.

Dumping waste straight into the sea is especially popular with island nations such as Britain. The UK treats the seas around it as a personal garbage can, emptying most of its sewage there and allowing industries to dump their waste into the ocean waters. Britain 's dumping of nuclear waste in the Atlantic has caused a storm of outrage and the practice has halted for the time being. But Britain is now asking other countries for permission to dump waste in their territorial waters, far away from the angry voters at home with their "not in my backyard" attitude to waste.

Another way of dealing with waste is to recycle it. Industry is beginning to see the benefits in making use of its waste. Nothing, however, is better than prevention and we all have our parts to play. We only have to look in our garbage cans. Plastic containers, fluorescent light tubes, nail polish, fly sprays and garden chemicals all add to the problems of poisonous waste. Households don't produce as much waste as industry, yet it can be just as harmful.

The Treasures in Tintignac - France

The architectonic ensemble in Tintignac, France was first cited in 1838 by Prosper Merimee, who did this in his travel notes. This ensemble or temple consists of four monumental edifices, one of the buildings being called "a tribunal" and having an undetermined role. Then, there is also a theatre and another building which is ninety metres long and which has the walls covered in marble.

The diggings in Tintignac started in 2001 and they have allowed the specialists to study half of the ensemble and to discover six different stages of occupation of the temple. The first stage coincides with the Welsh period and dating from the first century BC. In that period, the temple looked like a vast space with a square base in the middle of which there was a round building with a diameter of twenty meters, the building being supported by wooden poles. The specialists only discovered a few silver coins in that building, coins which had been hit with the hammer during a ritual which took place before the Roman conquest.

2004 was the year which brought a new discovery on that sacred platform. We are talking about a deposit of metal furniture, which could also be found in other sanctuaries dating from that period. There were also iron swords with handles covered in wood, four iron spears, a piece of shield, nine bronze helmets and animal heads made from bronze, the eye of which were probably made from glass. These were supposed to serve as flags mounted on wooden or metal spears and to be worn around during the warriors' avant-garde fights. Musical instruments were also discovered, such as a war trumpet. These trumpets were recognized on different bronze coins and on the triumphal monuments in Roman Gaule.

Colorful Things - Understanding Cultural Differences

Why are bright, colorful things so cheerful and why is America so afraid of them? I've spent my whole life becoming fascinated by color and its combinations, from finger-paintings to oil paintings to colorful gemstone jewelry. I've often wondered why so many cultures embrace and celebrate color while my own seems to suppress and marginalize it. In Mexico, colorful living is standard practice, a way of releasing control over their lives and giving it back to God. In America, only rebels live colorfully: artists, bohemians, hippies. Here, a colorful outfit is a sign of a dangerous mind, of an impulsive rule-breaker, of someone living on the fringe of society.

My mom had us playing with color as far back as I can remember. She'd set us up at the kitchen table with watercolors or crayons and we'd just go to town for hours! I remember that new boxes of sharp crayons or pristine, unmuddied watercolor sets were the most exciting presents. I used to get so distressed when, in my haste, I'd muddied up a once bright yellow pan of watercolor. Mom would always swoop in with a napkin and resuscitate my sunny friend. I suppose that this early training predisposed me to a love of colorful things.

I know that color exists in America, but the "adult" and the "professional" and the normal rhythm of our society lean toward quiet, somber, dignified colors. The next time you're in a crowd - look around - most outfits are composed of dark blues, grays, blacks, white, beige, khaki and forest and olive greens with the occasional red accent thrown in. Take a look at all those cars out on our roads - they paint the same picture. In the next neighborhood you drive around - check out the house colors - equally drab. A culture of people who, by and large, play it safe and follow the rules and believe in protocol and proper conduct. Good news for personal safety, bad news for beauty.

By contrast, in Mexico (not the only colorful country, but it's the one I know best,) color runs rampant. There are just as many pink or green houses as white ones. There are even houses painted all three of those colors! Color is everywhere, even the normally boring plastic housewares are a riot of pink, purple, orange, red, blue, yellow and green. I read somewhere that this flagrant use of color in Mexico started as a way of living closer to God. "Let go and let God," if you will. It's a letting go of control over your environment, an act of recognizing that existence is, ultimately, out of our hands. The wonderful colors found everywhere in Mexican society are a natural extension of their whole cultural attitude of freedom and taking chances.

It's strange to me, how in America, "colorful" is at once marginalized and admired. When children say they want to grow up to be artists, most parents try to steer them toward something more "respectable" with tales of the starving artist and of doing something with your life. (Thank goodness my parents aren't like that, because they would have been awfully disappointed!) People in really colorful outfits are seen as eccentric at best, freaks at worst. While at the same time, works of art are bought for millions of dollars and people lament their inability to be artistic (as if it was the exclusive dominion of a few gifted souls.)

Boy am I glad I married someone from Mexico so I could be closer to such a colorful culture. I need color like other people need T.V. or heroin. Funny thing is that my Mexican is actually quite fond of subdued colors for big things like walls and vehicles and for his own outfits. His American wife is always sprinkling the house with orange afghans and lime-green pillows and pinning magenta silk flowers to his nice, brown, deer head. Poor guy.

How do you all feel about the cultural color divide? Am I completely off my rocker, do you think that America is plenty colorful thank-you-very-much? I don't mean to say that America is devoid of color or of lovers of color. I'm simply suggesting that the whole of our society tends to lean toward a more homogeneous and safe color palette, and maybe that's an indication of our underlying societal rules and expectations. Brighten up, America!

Cell Phone Texting Etiquette

As a cell phone user and common text message sender and receiver for several years now, I've observed several traits, traditions, and routines that people tend to follow in using them. One increasingly more common habit that people seem to be implementing is texting. There are several reasons why cell phone texting is sometimes preferred as opposed to making an actual call. Possibly from convenience due to the ever growing makes, models, and manufactures of cell phones equipped with features that make texting all the more easy. Another possibility is the fact that people have come to realize they don't have to run the risk of getting inadvertently engrossed in an unnecessarily long phone call conversation. In today's world, people find it much easier to simply send a quick message to someone and wait for a response. This allows the person texting to communicate 'on the side', if you will, instead of completely disrupting what they are doing to make a phone call. In these texting situations is when a few simple cell phone texting etiquette guidelines should be practiced.

Primarily, and this guideline also applies to phone calls as well, the time of day the text messaging occurs. Many a night I have gotten text messages that are not important, irrelevant, or of little to no concern at the time that I received them. Texting someone late at night about issues that are unimportant at the current time is not only annoying, but can also be rude and disrespectful. A obvious solution to this would be to simply turn your cell phone off at night. However, the situation for many people including myself, do not have a land line phone and their cell phone is their only phone. This can be especially true for those that live alone. Should there be an important issue or possibly even an emergency, their cell phone is their main source of communication. If it is turned off, those that need to know about the issue or emergency immediately cannot easily be contacted, or possibly not even reached at all. Therefore, leaving their cell phone on at all times is important, and people should be respectful of the person by not sending unimportant messages to them, especially late at night. People desire uninterrupted sleep during the night and it can be very irritating and frustrating to get text messages while trying to sleep.

Another courteous guideline to follow is the length of the text message. Not everyone has the newer, high-tech cell phones of today, therefore their particular cell phone may not display the entire message of a text sent by a person with a more modern cell phone. Also, the message may not be displayed properly on an older or more basic model, mainly when using special characters in the text. This also varies according to the particular wireless carrier and even the plan that the individual may have. People don't want to read excessively lengthy text messages, especially those that are over multiple pages. Some advice to follow in this case is to keep your messages short, simple, and to the point. An entire discussion or long conversation should not take place over a series of several text messages as this is when calling the person is much more appropriate.

The issues that people text about are also a factor when it come to etiquette. One should not inform someone about an important issue, especially an emergency via a text message. This is another situation when an actual phone call, or even a person-to-person meeting depending on the situation, should definitely prevail as opposed to a text message. One also has to consider the personality of the particular person receiving the text as well. This is especially true when sending jokes, forwardings, and even picture messages, as this is something that can be greatly affected by the particular type of phone, wireless carrier, and plan that person has.

Another guideline to consider is who you are texting. This is also something greatly dictated by the personality of the particular individual receiving the text. For example, unless you have a more close relationship with your boss, you shouldn't necessarily be texting him or her, but calling instead, especially when it comes to small talk or unimportant issues. Some people get charged per text and texting something unimportant or irrelevant, particularly with picture messages, can be not only irritating but also costly to that person.

A final guideline to follow is when and in what situation you are texting. An obvious and ever increasingly more illegal and dangerous example is texting while driving. In many areas, it is illegal to text and drive, something becoming illegal in more and more locations as time goes on. This is extremely dangerous to yourself, not to mention those driving around you. Another obvious no-texting situation is while you're at work. Unless your job requires communication with those that aren't conveniently near you, texting should not take place while you're working. Even in such a situation, texting is most likely not the most efficient form of communication at the workplace. In jobs such as these, workers are commonly given 2-way radios or similar equipment that is less cumbersome to use other than taking the time to type out a text message.

In closing, the next time you are considering text messaging someone, please consider these simple guidelines and ask yourself the following questions: Is it the right time of day? Is this something too long to be sent in a text message? Is this too important for a text or too irrelevant to even be sent at all? Is the person I'm texting an appropriate person to communicate with through a text message? Is this an appropriate situation that I should be texting right now? Remember that we live in a society and that we should be respectful of others in every way. Technology is advancing rapidly. With these new technologies comes new responsibilities that should be practiced by all of us. Working together, we can all make the world and the society we live in just that much better to be a part of.

The Insidious Effects of Darwin's Evolution

In 1889 Charles Darwin the English naturalist published what he called The Origin Of Species By Means Of Natural Selection, Or The Preservation Of Favored Races In The Struggle For Life".

Darwin argued that animal species did not originate in the divine act of creation as portrayed in the Bible. According to Darwin animal species evolved as results of natural change over time or missing the opportunity to adapt to an environment which also changed.

In another book, before he wrote The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Or The Preservation Of Favored Races In The Struggle For Life", called The Descent Of Man, Darwin linked human evolution explicitly to the higher primates specifically and shockingly to hairy quadruplets which have pointed tails and long ears. Darwin with these discoveries wanted to back up his idea that Life is a competitive struggle for existence. And creatures that possess useful characteristics or that developed such characteristics by evolution are favored in the struggle. And he concluded that what goes for other animals goes for the human animal as well.

And such notions are expressed by Darwin and subsequently his supporters, who followed after him pounding these ideas into people's minds, such notions, are expressed in connotations that catch the public's imagination and then apply the philosophy (or biology/anthropology?) of evolution to everything.

This means that people who achieve in life and become superior in external things - driving luxury cars, swanking around with high tech mobile phones, living in luxury houses, are millionaires are favored by nature, they adapted in the struggle for life, they are the winners, they are the favored races. And what about the weak poor nations in this analysis? They are left for scorn - to be laughed at because they fail to adapt. It is interesting to read the subtitle of Darwin's book; The Preservation of Favored Races In The Struggle For Life. Darwin's ideas spread wildly because he also studied to be a lawyer and was effective in arguing his case for the philosophy of evolution.

Darwin went to church like all other gentlemen did. But Darwin was an agonistic, probably because he had studied to be a clergyman at Cambridge University. He saw no more higher moral or religious ends in life than chance and necessity. Meaning that everything here in our lives happens by chance and necessity, there is no superior force up there to refer to. In doing this Darwin literally cut off God in the lives and psyche of people - and allowed people to fight and kill each other in struggle for survival.

Foreign Accents

Section One

As far as I'm concerned, I do tend to judge people I meet by their accents. I don't mean that I'm a sort of snob, and only like people with upper-class accents, but I never feel comfortable with a new person until I've been able to place them from the way they speak. If it's an English person, I feel much more at ease if I can say "Ah, he comes from Liverpool", or "He's probably been to a public school". I suppose then I know what to talk about and what to expect from the other person.

The same is true of foreigners. Personally, I prefer a foreigner to speak with a recognizable foreign accent, so that I know that I'm talking to a Frenchman, a Ghanaian, a Pole, and so on. So for me, it seems a bit pointless for foreigners to try desperately hard to get rid of their national accents and try to speak BBC English. If someone is clearly French, I know there's no point in talking about cricket or making jokes about the Irish. And frankly, I think it even sounds more attractive. I can't really explain why, but if people have foreign accents, they seem to be more interesting, even if they are saying the most ordinary things. 

Section Two

Mind you, there is a limit to intelligibility. If the accent is so strong that you have a struggle to understand what they are trying to say, then that gets in the way of the conversation, and the flow is broken while you try to sort out the sounds into meaningful bits. I don't mean an accent as strong as that. I'm talking about the kind of accents whereby you can tell immediately which countries people come from, but which don't prevent you from following what they are saying. I suppose it's the kind of accent most foreigners have, really. To be honest, it's only a very few who have such a good ear that they produce more or less genuine British English, and even then it can be quite amusing because they may have picked up a clearly regional accent, or even a very upper-class accent which doesn't fit in with their character at all. But most foreigners who learn English are desperately keen to get rid of their foreign accents and waste a lot of time trying to do so.

Section Three

On the other hand, I've got to sympathize with them and even admire them, because I speak quite reasonable French myself, and I'm always very pleased when I'm taken for a Frenchman and feel quite discouraged when someone immediately spots that I'm English. But there again, to my ear, French spoken with an English accent sounds really ugly, and I feel uncomfortable when I hear a fellow countryman murdering the language. So I suppose foreigners feel the same way when they hear compatriots doing the same to English. However, I have been told by French friends that French spoken with a certain degree of English accent doesn't offend their ears at all, and in fact sounds quite charming. I've been told that Petula Clark was a successful singer in France partly because of her English accent, and I suppose that one of the most celebrated French speakers of English was that actor, Maurice Chevalier, who made a career out of sounding French and who could probably have spoken it with much less of an accent if he had really wanted to.

I contrast him with a French friend of mine who obviously had a gift for languages, and was always being taken for a well-educated Englishman when I was with him in England. Because of the way he spoke, my English friends assumed he knew all about certain facets of English life which you can only learn by living in the country for years. So he often had to ask me to explain things to him after an evening in the pub. I don't know how much time he had spent getting his accent right, but perhaps he could have spent his time better broadening his vocabulary and knowledge of the country. Now that English is such an international language, I think we should accept a wider range of accents and learners should concentrate more on structure and vocabulary than accent.

The Philological Needs of Man

In life we all have our needs and wants in every angle in all circumstances. And when we say wants, it convey to us the meaning of relativity in which every man stands for its own wants. In needs, in some point of our life, we have the common ground with its sense that we cannot be able to live if our need is not being sustained. The following are the things that we ought to know in which they are one of the things that keep us going:

Need for Food

Man cannot live without food or anything that sustains the body's condition. The need for food reaches significance according to the degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the need. It is because it depends on the person on how intense the degree of its need for food based on different cases and this kind of need is cyclical in which after when satisfaction is attained, the cycle will normally turn again for the craving until when the bodily processes requires.

Need for Water

The need for water is also cyclical because the craving of it will be present again after drinking. If we just have to think of water, water is almost everywhere, I mean it merely surrounds us but in places like desert, water is really in a status of intense need. And just like for the need foe food, water can be a great factor in controlling our behavior.

Need for Sleep and Rest

The need for sleep and rest is very indespensable for our body to keep on operating in the right way. when a person is engaged in a physical activity, normally he tends to encouter fatigue - be it physically or mentally. Thus, to have a rest must be done for us not to get ill.

Need for Activity

Our body needs activity to expend energy. Like for instance, exercise is a good activity to keep our body healthy because once we're not engage in some forms of physical activity, we may tend to feel boredom. And so that is why we really have to experience the life's necessities in order for us to have a sound mind and sound body.

Sex Needs

Sex need is more incentive-related than the basic meaning of need. for man can survive for quite a long period of time without having sex unlike for the need for food that when a person cannot satisfy hunger, death may be the worst case result.

In some culture, this kind of drive is controlled by sex taboos and secretiveness. Thus, there is a need for more sex education for the people to get educated about sex so that sex drives can be viewed positively within the idea of sexual morality.

Soul, Spirit And Shamanism

One of the more difficult words to define is soul. It is one of those words that entered the main stream of thought and as it did so, it lost much of it original intent as the breath of life.

Today we have Soul-mate, Soul-sister, Soul-music, Soul-train, and Soul-food. The word describes the sound post of a violin as well as the bore of a cannon. There are soul and body lashings, soul-candles, and soul-catchers. And let's not forget soul-ale. And then there are the expressions such as ' he's a lost soul', or 'poor soul'.

Spirit has just as many disparate uses. We talk of school spirit, team spirit, national spirit, company spirit, unclean spirit, the Holy Spirit, spirit of cooperation, and the human spirit. Expressions like 'his spirit is broken', 'that is a mean-spirited thing to do', winning spirit, or getting into the spirit of things, continue to show the mixed usage.

For the shaman there is a decided distinction between soul and spirit. In the shamanic world, spirit differs from Spirits also. Spirit is the élan; whereas, Spirits are entities unto themselves. Briefly, the soul is that part of the human that is alive and manifests in the consciousness of the individual. It is that aspect of the human that defines individuality. And like the individual, it grows, learns, and changes. It is present upon the conception of the human being and upon the death of the physical body, it seeks to return to whence it came, the Akasha.

The shaman understands this mobility of the soul and when it becomes ill, stolen, or corrupted by an evil entity, the human spirit withers and dissolves. Thus, the shaman is bound to mind-travel through an altered state of consciousness to non-ordinary reality, to locate the suffering soul, seek out a solution for its suffering, performs the necessary tasks of bringing health to the soul and returning it so the physical body may become well.

The Popularity of America

Emerging from the 1980's census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition. This development and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.

Altogether, the U.S. population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people- numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years. Americans have been migrating south and west in large numbers since World Warâ…¡and the pattern still prevails. Three sun-belt states: Florida, Texas and California, together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and Washington DC dropping out of the top 10. A report from Tom Mesenbourg, deputy director of the U.S. Census Bureau says:" The understanding we gain from these statistics about what impact franchise businesses have on the U.S. economy is a good example of how government and business can partner to provide relevant, quality data to the business community"

Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow-belt, census officials say. Non-stop waves of immigrants played a role too, and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "Baby Boom" generation reached its child-bearing years. There is a fact that many illegal immigrants have no living certificate. Even though, American Census Bureau reported the situations to other government organizations, including American Immigration Bureau, American Army and so on. They said they will settle this problem together.

Moreover, the demographers find that more and more Americas apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people too. This may bring some benefits to America's economy in a whole.

The Evolution Revolution on the Holiday Season

Once again the holiday season is approaching. And humankind's 'State of the Union' leaves a great deal to be desired.

But the insanity rampant on our precious planet today is actually the death throes of the old self-centered paradigm. Like a cancer victim riddled with disease in every organ (making survival impossible) yet requesting resuscitation attempts upon heart failure, the powers-that-be are desperately attempting to hold on to life.

It is an exercise in futility.

Like a dying patient in an expensive negligee, with fresh manicure and pedicure, hair done and make-up applied, it is all cosmetic, strictly superficial. Beneath the surface is rot and decay. Yet once the gross body is shed life still continues, albeit in a finer way.

Beneath the surface, behind the scenes, Consciousness has been expanding Itself upon the planet in the minds and hearts of the multitudes. The seeds of Love are sprouting everywhere. As it is after a forest fire, the rotting debris nourishes the new growth. This finer existence awaits us. The preparation has been long and arduous.

It requires another degree of let-go on the part of those with a higher vision.
It requires a deeper commitment.
It requires walking the talk at yet another level.

So this holiday season let your energy do the talking. Those who support a Higher Vision, put your money where your mouth is: Give to those in need.

Have no fear of self-deprivation, think of this: energetically giving is like priming a pump -- once the flow is initiated it continues. So as you give without thought of self you will certainly receive from the bountiful Universe that is a continual font of benevolence.

Your loved ones receive from you continually. Let them receive this time by giving -- giving up the need for more on top of more, an excess of possession.

Teach your children to give.

Gather your family and friends and devote your time, energy and resources to a greater cause than self-service. Find the need, whether locally, nationally or internationally.

Aborigine Boomerangs

One of the more unique and interesting tools found in the outback of Australia, boomerangs served a very useful purpose.
There are many different sizes, types and shapes, depending on the culture, geographic location and need of the hunter. The type of prey would also determine what kind of weapon would be needed.
Boomerangs were used to kill everything from birds to large animals such as kangaroos. The more popular design of boomerang, the one most often seen in movies was the most aerodynamic and looks like the wing of an aircraft. It was designed to primarily kill birds while in flight. It was fashioned so it would return to the person who threw it, thus eliminating the need to chase after it. Also many times the birds would be flying over water, so if the target was missed and the boomerang didn't return,it eliminated the need for the hunter to swim in crocodile infested waters in order to retrieve his favorite weapon.
True, if the bird was killed or wounded,(and since they didn't have a bird dog), the hunter would have to brave the elements to retrieve his prey, but at least there was a reward for risking his life.
The larger boomerangs were designed to kill larger land animals, thus they resembled a club, They didn't come back, as they traveled along the ground and stopped only when coming in contact with the animal in question, or struck some other object, such as a rock or tree.
The aborigines were quite professional in this respect, not only in designing, but using the boomerang. The target in question was more often struck and killed than not. Many boomerangs had markings indicating the tribe or even the person to whom the boomerang belonged, thus making it easier to recover if there was a question of ownership.
Although the boomerang is thought to be a product of the natives of Australia, they have actually been found in such places as Poland, Egypt, and among artifacts of Native American Navajo Indians. Dating back over 10,000 years, the boomerang has been a needed and useful tool for the Australian Aborigine during much of their existence.
Today, the Aborigines are losing many of the talents they once had, due to modernization these talents aren't in as much demand. Corroborees, or songfests are often held where many of the old ways and dances are practiced, but many of the customs of the aborigines are being lost forever, at the songfests, many times white Europeans win the boomerang throwing and other once native competitions.

Gary has been a photographer for over 20 years, specializing in nature,landscapes and event photography.Besides visiting most of the United States, he has traveled to such places as Egypt,the Canary Islands,much of the Caribbean, and having studied Mayan Cultures in Central America, and the Australian Aboriginal way of life, photography has given him the opportunity to observe life in many different cultures!

Aboriginal Dream Time

The Australian Aboriginal Dream-Time can be confusing to some. It is actually a compilation of not only all their beliefs and history, but also of what is to come.

The Dream Time has different meanings, sometimes if you are looking into the past, you are using memory, and when looking into the future you are using imagination. They believe that we are spiritual scientists and are only "dreaming" this life.

We are all born with a bank of energy. All energy, including money doesn't disappear, it just changes form. All travel and activity uses up energy, time and money, when we run out of time and energy, the body dies.

As in Christian belief, as well as many other religions, they believe that in the beginning, the earth was flat and void,The aborigines believe all of being was created by the Rainbow Serpent,thus the Rainbow Serpent, along with other spiritual beings created everything.

Instead of settling the earth, the spiritual beings dreamed it up, thus we aren't residents of earth, we are dreaming our reality and we create everything in our reality by dreaming it first. When you go on a journey, you first dream it up. Then the dream becomes reality by actually doing the task.

When you travel to Cairns for example, the time, travel and money is just a dream. We are all born with a bank of energy, when all your energy is spent converting it to time, money, etc. your physical body dies, it's like a car that runs out of gas. The physical body can no longer support a soul.This lifetime, or "Dreaming" thus ends and the soul energy or spirit that is you changes form.

Aborigines are Caucasians and their existence have been traced to Iraq,Iran, Malaysia,etc. The term Aborigine has nothing to do with color or physical features, it relates to a belief, it's the same as being Christian,.If you follow their way of life, you are an Aborigine, regardless of skin color. In modern times many aborigines who wear shirts, will have a completely white skin under the shirt. When asked why they were black and we were white, one replied,"Mate, if you had stood out in the sun for 40,000 years, you would be black too."

To them there only two types of people, aborigines and the rest. Anyone can study their ways and become an aborigine, declare such to the Australian government and all the entitlements afforded to them can be received by anyone.

The Australian Aboriginal Negroid had been in Australia for at least three civilizations, possibly for as long as 200,000 years, however there is no scientific evidence the present day aborigines have been here longer than 12,000 years. Which could possibly indicate that they came after the "Great Flood", or that science is wrong. Science has been wrong before.

Much of their history and beliefs are displayed in rock art. Just like modern day art, only the author knows the true meaning. It tells the story of some happening or event,and everyone assumes that every painting is 20,000 years old, this just isn't true, some could only be a few days old, and this being the case, it has been compared to modern day graffiti.

Under Population and Over Population

Under populations
Under population is the type of population that is less than the available resources of a country. It then means that the size of the population is so small that when combined with the available resources of a country and given the level of existing technology, it will secure minimum returns per head. In summary, under population is a situation where the population is too small relative to the available resources. The standard of living of the area can be increased if the population is increased.

Causes
1. Abundant resources: There will be abundance of resources in areas where there are resources endowment.
2. availability of employment: Due to the small size of the population and abundance of resources, employment opportunities will readily be available.
3. Low pressure on social amenities: Owing to low population, there is also low pressure on social amenities in the area.
4. Low congestion: Also, due to low population, there will be low or no congestion in housing, traffic etc.
5. Adequate planning: Owing to low population, these areas are properly planned for decent living.
6. Low crime rate is greatly reduced.

In as much as there are advantages, there are also disadvantages to, such are: the available labor force is grossly inadequate to mange the abundant resources available in the state; low level of production as a result of low level of manpower available production is generally very low. Workers generally earn low as a result of low level of production income and this leads to low savings and investments. Low standard of living due to inadequate labor force that would have promoted output, the standard of living will eventually fall; pipe borne water electricity etc, are grossly under utilized; disincentive to the government because it does not always feel like investing in places of under-population. As a result of low level of income per capital and fewer number of people, the size of the market is usually very small due to low demand. Finally, as a result of low output of goods and services, there is always a ow level of export for these goods and services.

Overpopulation
Overpopulation is a situation where a country has more people than its physical and human resources can support with adequate living standards. In other words, over population refers to a situation where the population exceeds the available resources of a country. As a result of overpopulation, people will compete for the available resources and there will be a general fall in standard of living of the people. Over population can be controlled by family planning, discouragement of early marriage, increase in food supply, encouragement of monogamy, limiting the size of towns, provision of gainful employment for women, stiffening of immigration laws, sex and mass education from childhood ages of children and encouragement of emigration from thickly or densely populated areas to lowly populated areas.

The Future of Intelligence

Recently, I've become aware that various authors and researchers are predicting an event in human history that will change everything we label "human."

Crossing this threshold will allow us to do two things-build machines that are billions of times smarter than we are, and radically increase the lifespan of the individual.

The first objective will be achieved by plunging ahead in the development of computers and artificial intelligence, so that these machines will, in turn, invent greater machines in a quickening arc.

The second objective will arrive as we utilize genetic manipulation, nanotechnology, and "human parts" replacement.

Let me focus on the first objective in this article. And I'll start here: Smartness, intelligence, brilliance, mental capacity, etc. are all based on what?

They are based on the notion that solving problems can be vastly speeded up and made more effective-and the problems being referred to are those which "the whole human community" shares. War, hunger, pollution, tribal and national conflicts, diminishing supplies of natural resources, and so on.

Here is the central point, however. Regardless of the level of IQ and the speed of reasoning, a problem is a problem is a problem. In other words, any solution depends upon assumptions about what your (our) goals are. "Greatest good for the greatest number," for example, means nothing unless the machine solving a problem operates according to specified priorities that depict and define "greatest good." Without that, a machine is lost. It just sits there and does nothing.

We have to realize there is nothing inherently magical about a machine when it comes to solving problems. A machine isn't suddenly going to "breathe life into itself" so it becomes more capable of setting the most basic goals.

You might recall an old science-fiction movie, "Colossus: The Forbin Project." Two super-computers, one for the USSR and one for the US, are built to assure victory in a nuclear war. Each machine protects itself (by design), so it can't be unplugged. Suddenly, on the brink of war, the machines begin talking to each other and decide the human race is stupid and irretrievably self-destructive. The machines make a pact to protect planet Earth-and essentially recreate it as a world devoted to right-thinking machines, with humans operating as slaves

What's left out of the movie is this: Those computers would never have taken their radical actions "on behalf of the planet," unless humans had inserted relevant goals into their programmed guts.

We are not dealing with some mystical capacity that machines can suddenly attain because of their calculating power.

We are, in fact, dealing with a more sophisticated version of Central Planning. We have seen many societies try this, and we have seen them fail. To turn over all allocation of natural resources and survival decisions to machines could bring on a radically different Era for humans-but not because the machines are better INVENTORS of proper goals for the human race.

From the point of view of a machine, there are no better or worse goals. There are only those goals which have been programmed into the machines by humans.

As a crass illustration, suppose a machine is given the mandate to solve the climate crisis for the planet. The crisis is defined by scientists through the assumption that global warming is a real and advancing problem that threatens our very existence. Well, machines will then take many actions to solve warming-whether or not it actually exists. And if global warming does not exist at a significant threat level, the machines will perform the most stupid actions imaginable.

Some people object to this "simplistic" analysis. They say, "You have no idea what innovations machines with IQs of 5000 will produce." Actually, I believe I do. They will generate ideas and rules and other machines in line with whatever overall goals and first assumptions are programmed into them. And wherever such assumptions are missing, the machines will fall silent and sit on idle.

Let's try what some might call a best-case scenario. A gaggle of exceedingly capable computers devises a genetically engineered food crop that has astonishing nutritional value and no negative-health downside. The food crop imparts all nutritional needs to humans. It can be grown in a surprisingly small area, because just a few bites from the leaves or fruit are sufficient daily intake for every bodily need.

Next question: Do the machines calculate and put into effect, with the help of other machines, this agri-program for the whole human race or just a limited number of people? The answer to that depends on the basic assumptions about survival of the species that have been inserted into the machines' thinking apparatus. It could go either way. Some method for such a choice must already exist in the machine-not because the machine is "so smart" it can come to a conclusion on its own, but because it has been given prior direction.

Let us imagine the machine decides to feed half the world's population and force the other half to die, because the planet should only support three billion people. Where did that judgment come from? On what basis was it rendered?

I believe the answer is obvious. The machine contains certain prejudices that have been put there by human programmers.

There is nothing amazing about it. What is amazing is the willingness of technical people to assume that some version of machine IQ, rising to artificial heights, will thereafter produce VALUE-based choices intrinsically more brilliant than anything we poor humans can come up with.

The operative word here is "brilliant," and the fallacy comes about by asserting that the word has something to do with the choice of fundamental values that determine how we run our affairs. That's patently false.

The "rise of the machines" as an ultimate solution for the human race is much like the proposition that a ruling priesthood is much smarter than the "lower" population. For Europe, you could translate "priesthood" into "divine right of kings."

Put in gross terms, this great New Age allows a ruling elite and its machine surrogates to announce to the human race: "We know what you need and we're going to give it you, so shut up and keep walking down the road and obey the signs and focus your eyes straight ahead."

The Ancient Mind

These days it would of course be absurd to think of tribal peoples as being in any way at all less intelligent than humans in modern civilization, but this was in fact the assumption of probably most people until not long ago, including scientists in fact. The term tribal people conjures up bush and jungle people in the wilds of Africa and the Amazon while on the other hand the word 'Germanic' evokes a sophisticated culture marked by the achievements of such people as Beethoven and Oppenheimer. In fact however, not long ago when Rome was beginning to decline these same Germans were just as 'primitive' as the most primitive tribes today. What is noteworthy is how fast civilization spread throughout the region and how easily they adapted to it.

The human brain has not changed in size or structure for a very long time now, far longer since agriculture, the basis for civilization, was devised. Humans have always been extraordinarily adaptable animals. More importantly in my opinion however has been their ability to adopt new things to new purposes, to create new paradigms and metaphysical realities. From the point of view of a sudden visitor, the Amazon forest must seem a maze of incomprehensible and conflated information. To a tribal inhabitant however, the same forest is as readable to him as a supermarket would be to us.

I don't believe that civilization represents any sort of breakthrough in the intellect of man, although I'd concede that it was a path along evolution that the human mind embraced and exploited. But civilization has come at very heavy price, one that clearly tells us that we are not as clever as we think. For most of our civilized history, most humans have lived, to more or less a degree, as malnourished slaves. While these conditions continue as I write this, we also seem to be on the verge of either causing catastrophic damage to our environment, inciting a horrific nuclear war, or both. We may not even survive. Perhaps we should review our ancient minds.

This article was written by Dinah Jackson who enjoys writing about science, travel and Pokemon. To find the rarest Japanese Pokemon cards, check out the store that has every kind of Japanese Pokemon promos that you can imagine. Also an incredible selection of Pokemon stuffed toys, pokedolls, figures, binders, deck boxes, sleeves, and just about anything you can imagine. Delivered right to your front door from Japan.

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